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The Cypher Project
Information about various algorithms included in the Cypher Project

Stream Ciphers

ARC4
ARC4 (Alleged RC4) is a stream cipher compatible with (i.e. is the same as) RSA's RC4.  ARC4 has a key size of up to 2,048 bits.  This algorithm was first presented to the public September 10, 1994 by an anonymous Cypherpunk and confirmed the claim.  ARC4 is present in most secure web browses.
ISAAC
Fairly unknown algorithm created by Bob Jenkins.  32-bit block size, 8295 bit keysize.

Block Ciphers

AES
(Rijndael)
Advance Encryption Standard (AES) is the new US government encryption standard.  Released as Rijndael before winning rank as AES.  Block size is variable from 128, 192 and 256 bits as is keysize.  Created by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen. 
RC5
RC5 is 32, 64 or 128-bit block size, 2040-bit key size.  Created by Ronald L. Rivest and RSA  Not seen too much as it was prity much replaced with RC6.
RC6
An AES candidate eliminated the last round.  Created by Ronald L. Rivest and RSA.  128-bit block size and up to 2048 bits of keyspace.  Actually one of my preferred block ciphers because of it's clean design.
CAST-256
Cast-256 block sizes of 128 bits.  Keysize up to 256 bits.  C. Adams and J. Gilchrist of Entrust Technologies.
Blowfish
Block size of 64-bits, keysize of up to 448 bits.  Created by Bruce Schneier of Counterpane as a replacement for DES.  Algorithm appeared in the book "Applied Cryptography" and got a great deal of attention because of it.

Message Digests

MD5
Message Digest #5.  Created by Ronald L. Rivest of  RSA.  128-bit hash size.
SHA-1
Secure Hashing Algorithm revision 1.  Created by the NSA.  160-bit hash size.
SHA-256
Secure Hashing Algorithm revision 2, 256-bit version. Created by the NSA based off of SHA-1 as part of SHA-2 (defining 256, 384 and 512-bit hash sizes)
Tiger
Tiger is a 192-bit hash algorithm.  Created by Ross Anderson and Eli Biham

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